Rivers, along with 25,000 metric tons of grain (Welsh et al. 2023). This article examines the new export routes for Ukrainian grain since the BSGI expired.
 
As of November 1, Ukrainian grain and legume export volumes for the 2023-2024 marketing year are 4.2 million tons lower than in the same period for the 2022-2023 marketing year. Between July 1 and November 1 of 2023, Ukraine exported 4.6 million metric tons of wheat and 3.8 million metric tons of corn compared to 5.1 million and 7.1 million at the same time in 2022 (Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, November 1, 2023).
 
Danube River Ports: Critical Export Routes
 
Since the end of the BSGI agreement, Ukraine has been relying on the Danube River ports, Romanian ports and the European Union’s Solidarity Lanes for its agricultural exports. The Danube River ports allow for shipping grain from Ukrainian river ports to Romania, reloading to larger grain vessels and then shipping through Romanian waters of the Black Sea to the rest of the world. Only 4% of all Ukrainian grain exports were shipped through these ports before the war, but they now help move about 65% of all Ukrainian grain exports, as shown in Figure 1 (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, 2023). The maximum shipping potential of the Danube River ports is 35 million metric tons of grain per year.
 
In August, Ukraine established a temporary humanitarian
 
corridor (not recognized by Russia). It collaborated with several grain shipping companies from Turkey and African countries to start the delivery of Ukrainian grain from the Black Sea ports using the humanitarian corridor along the Romanian and Bulgarian coasts. The corridor is protected by Ukrainian military boats accompanying grain vessels to ensure their safety. About 700,000 tons of grain have left Ukrainian ports via the new route from September through early October of 2023, compared to 3.5 million metric tons that used to be exported through the BSGI monthly. The new corridor has not replaced BSGI, but the export volumes are anticipated to increase to 1.82 million metric tons monthly once all grain vessels clear in the ports.
 
According to the Ukrainian Grain Association, Ukraine could potentially export around 49 million metric tons of grain this marketing year if the current export logistics remain functioning. This would involve 15-16 million metric tons exported by truck and railway through the European Solidarity Lanes, 30 million metric tons through the Danube River ports and Romania, and the remainder through the available Black Sea routes.
 
The future of grain exports from Ukraine is still uncertain. It will depend on the degree to which Ukraine can utilize alternative export routes and minimize the impacts of damages to port infrastructure and grain storage facilities discussed above. Since the end of the BSGI agreement, Ukrainian grain exporters have relied mainly on the Danube River ports that helped move about 65% of all grain in the
 
first two months of the 2023-2024 marketing year.
 
The importance of the newly established humanitarian grain corridor in the Black Sea protected by the Ukrainian military is growing and expected to allow Ukraine to ship up to 1.8 million metric tons monthly.